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Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy is one of the rarest of all ectopic pregnancy increase in number of cesarean section leads to increase in number of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy. Early diagnosis and prompt management help in reducing mortality and morbidity occuring due to scar ectopic pregnancy. We are reporting a rare case of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy G5P3L3D1 with period of gestation 7 weeks 3 days with previous all 4 deliveries by cesarean section. Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy are life threatening as they pose a great risk of maternal hemorrhage as the patient vital are the stable patient managed medically with injection Methotrexate
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Background: Solitary thyroid lesions are a common presentation in the surgical OPD. The signi?cance of solitary nodule is its malignant potential. Thyroid nodule is an elusive clinical problem. Surgeons and Physicians are often required to make a diagnostic or management decision in its treatment. To study the Aim and Objectives: correlation between Clinical, Radiological, Cytological and Histopathological ?nding in patients who presented with “solitary thyroid nodule”. A prospective observational study, Ramakrishna Mission Materials and Methods:Study design: Study area: Seva Pratishthan Hospital, Kolkata, July 2019 to June 2022(3 years), 40 patients, Inclusion criteria: Study period: Sample size: Patients presenting with solitary thyroid nodule, Patients with multinodular goitre, patients with carcinoma Exclusion criteria: thyroid with distant metastasis, paediatric patients and those unwilling. Thorough history, clinical examination, Methodology: investigation (FNAC/USG/Isotope Scan, TSH), appropriate surgical intervention and HPE of excised specimen was done. Results: In our study of 40 cases, 28(70.0%) were colloid goiter, 7(17.5%) were papillary carcinoma, 2(5%) were follicular adenoma, 1(2.5%) was follicular carcinoma, 1(2.5%) was adenomatoid hyperplasia and 1(2.5%) was Hashimoto thyroiditis. 28(70%) cases underwent hemithyroidectomy, 11(27.5%) underwent total thyroidectomy and 1(2.5%) underwent hemithyroidectomy followed by revision total thyroidectomy. 2 cases of papillary carcinoma with enlarged neck nodes underwent total thyroidectomy with neck node dissection. Solitary nodule is most common in woman and in third Conclusion: and fourth decade of life, more common in the right lobe. USG and FNAC are common modalities of investigations with high speci?city and sensitivity. Isotope scan is only indicated to con?rm the toxic nodule. Malignancy reported in my study was 20%. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment will cure the disease since carcinoma thyroid is more curable amongst all cancers.
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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are one of the most common ligamentous injuries of knee. Treatment options for partial ACL tear range from conservative treatment up to partial reconstruction. PRP may have enhancing effect on ACL cell viability and promotion of cell proliferation in partial tear of ACL. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the role of PRP on partial ACL tear.Methods:A RCT was done among athletes with partial ACL injury who visited department of Sports Medicine, RIMS, Imphal during June 2019-December 2020. Patients with MRI diagnosed grade 1 and 2 ACL injury (n=48) randomized into PRP injection plus rehabilitation, (n=24) and rehabilitation alone, (n=24) groups. The outcomes were compared using International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Lysholm score and VAS at baseline, 1stmonth, 4thmonth, 8thmonth and 12thmonth respectively.Results: Baseline characteristics were not statistically significant.At the end of 1stmonth, there were statistically significant improvement in both mean difference of IKDC score (.001), Lysholm score (0.001) and VAS (0.007). At the end of 4thmonth, there were statistically significant improvement in both mean difference of IKDC score (0.001), Lysholm score (0.026) and VAS (0.001). At the end of 8thand 12thmonth, improvement in mean difference of IKDC score, Lysholm score, VAS were observed however not statistically significant.Conclusions: Ultrasound guidedPRP injection along with conservative rehabilitation program might be a treatment choice for ACL partial tear.
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Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) is an endocrine disorder that causes metabolic changes in women of reproductive age. PCOD has evolved into a lifestyle disorder as a result of sedentary habits, fast food consumption, and a poor lifestyle. The precise cause of PCOD is mysterious, but high levels of insulin, hyper androgen, and LH are the main causes. PCOD symptoms include irregular menstruation, oligomenorrhea, acne, hirsutism, hair loss, obesity, and constipation. PCOD is not directly stated in the Samhita, but clinically it is similar to Aartavavaha strotas dushti, Nastaartava, Granthi, Santarponnth vyadhi, and Yonivyapad. In this present case study, a 22 year old female patient came with symptoms of irregular, delayed menstruation, scanty menses, acne on the face and hair fall. The USG report reveals polycystic patterns of both ovaries with Right ovary volume 11.6cc and Left ovary volume 11cc, both ovaries are bulky in size with increased stromal echogenicity and multiple (10-12) small follicles (2-5mm) arranged in peripheral distribution. She had taken the medication so many times but she had not been completely cured. As a result she came to our hospital for Ayurvedic treatment. Result was made on the basis of Clinical symptoms relief and USG report. So in this case study, we will look at an Ayurvedic approach in the management of Polycystic Ovarian Disease.
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Background:Abdominal masses always are mystery in clinical prac?ce. Improvements have taken place in fine needle aspira?on cytology with technical advances in imaging methods of ultrasound and CT. Aims:To study the u?lity of guided FNAC in the diagnosis of abdominal lesions and categories the abdominal lesions. To study cytological features of abdominal lesions and correlate with histopathological features wherever possible. Materials and methods: The study included 82 abdominal lesions. History, clinical features, radiological inves?ga?ons were obtained in each case. USG or CT guidance was used and the FNA procedure was done. Smears were stained with Giemsa and viewed under the microscope for diagnosis. Diagnos?c yield was 95%. Extra material obtained was given for cell block. Results: The age was from 14 years old to 82 years and majority of them were in the age group of 40 – 60 years. Male to female ra?o is 1:1.1. Among 82 cases, 45 cases (54.87%) were malignant, followed by 17 cases (20.74%) benign, 14 cases (17.08%) inflammatory, 04 cases (4.87%) suspicious of malignancy and 02 cases (2.44%) unsa?sfactory for evalua?on. Majority of the cases are in liver and hepatocellular carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion. In 60 cases histopathological correla?on was available and for these cases the diagnos?c accuracy is 95%, sensi?vity is 92.1%, specificity is 100% and p value is <0.001 which is highly significant. Conclusion:Abdominal fine needle aspira?on cytology is simple, cost effec?ve, rapid and repeatable procedure which helps in categorizing the abdominal lesions.
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An attempt was made to compare the analysis of investigative parameters to distinguish Amoebic Liver Abscess (ALA) from Pyogenic Liver Abscess (PLA). This study was carried out at Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata 700014. Patients were included with signs and symptoms suggestive of Liver Abscesses. The investigations of Serological, Hematological, Biochemical, Radiological and CT scan were done. Antimicrobial Therapy, Image Guided Percutaneous Aspirations/Drainage or Open surgical Drainage was performed and checked in follow-up visits up to 3 months. The highest incidences of Liver Abscess (53.3%) were encountered in alcoholic male. Fever and Abdominal Pain were common in both ALA and PLA. Hepatomegaly was significantly high (p<0.05) in PLA (64.2%) than ALA (37.5%), but jaundice was only noted in PLA (22.2%). E coli, K pneumonia and S aureus were confirmed in PLA. Alkaline Phosphatase was significantly high (p<0.05) in PLA. Right sided pleural effusion was noted in Chest X-ray of 50% case . USG studies measured 70% Solitary Abscesses with 5-10 cm in the Right Lobe. Partial resolution occurred in 28.6% of PLA and 31.2% of ALA. USG and Serological Tests are recommended and Conservative Management should be followed for ALA and invasive treatment for PLA patients
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Background: The prevalence of thyroid nodule ranges from 4-10% in general population. Its treatment includes either conservative management or surgical excision of gland. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has emerged as most accepted, accurate diagnostic procedure and considered the gold standard diagnostic test in evaluation of thyroid nodule, other tests like ultrasound, nuclear scan used in conjunction with FNAC. The aim of study was to study the spectrum of diseases in thyroid swelling and accuracy of FNAC in the diagnosis.Methods: A prospective study, with total 50 patients, was conducted during period from 2017-2019 in department of surgery, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal. All patients who underwent thyroid surgeries were selected for study. All patients underwent detailed history, clinical examination, routine investigations, thyroid function test, FNAC, ultrasonography neck and histopathological examination.Results: Of 50 cases female to male ratio was 9.2:1, with median age group was 38.6 years. Among all, 42 (84%) were benign, 3 (6%) malignant and 5 (10%) suspicious. Of 5 suspicious lesions, only 1 (5%) case found malignant. Hemi thyroidectomy was common surgery performed, followed by subtotal/near total and total thyroidectomy.Conclusions: Thyroid swellings are common in females occur in 3rd and 4th decade most commonly. FNAC is very useful and indispensable in the diagnosis. Most common non neoplastic and neoplastic lesion was solitary thyroid nodule and papillary carcinoma respectively.
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Background:Diseases of the thyroid gland can be due to inflammatory and neoplastic causes. Many diagnostic tests like ultrasound, thyroid nuclear scan and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) are available for their evaluation. Histopathologically, they can be adenomas, colloid nodules, cysts, infectious nodules, lymphocytic or granulomatous nodules, congenital abnormalities or hyperplasia, or various types of malignancy. It is therefore crucial to have a clear diagnostic approach to ensure patients are managed appropriately and are not over or under-treated. Present study was done to evaluate FNAC and ultrasonography (USG) as a diagnostic method in thyroid swellings and to plan surgery accordingly.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted among 60 adult patients undergoing thyroid surgery at Victoria and Bowring and Lady Curzon Hospital. They were investigated with FNAC and USG of thyroid, and were subjected to surgery and subsequent histopathological examination. The histopathological examination reports were correlated with the findings of FNAC and USG in order to evaluate their findings by statistical methods.Results:The sensitivity and specificity of FNAC was 87.5% and 98% respectively. All malignant lesions on FNAC were confirmed by histopathology indicating its excellence. Therefore FNAC helps in planning the correct management and avoids second surgery. And the sensitivity and specificity of USG was 75% and 86% respectively. Therefore combination of both FNAC and ultrasonography will improve the diagnostic accuracy to higher level and helps in better management. Conclusions:FNAC has high sensitivity and specificity, so it is closest to ideal test. However, a combination of both FNAC and ultrasound will give desirable results and so that we can avoid mismanagement.
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Background: NAFLD (Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease) is being considered the hepatic component of metabolic syndrome. It is now the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and needs to be addressed urgently as it is asymptomatic and widely prevalent and can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is a need for simpler methods to diagnose the condition in modern day practice which will help in identifying vulnerable subjects and in bringing about awareness and lifestyle modifications focused on reversal of the condition. Aim of this study was to check the applicability of the fatty liver index in modern day out patient practice using formula based FLI calculator.Methods: It was a cross sectional study on patients with metabolic syndrome in a tertiary care hospital. 60 patients with metabolic syndrome, both male and female above the age of 30 years and who were non-alcoholics were enrolled in the study. BMI, waist circumference, lipid profile and GGT were obtained and FLI calculated. It was compared with the ultrasound and Elastography reports. Chi square test, Independent t test and ANOVA test were used for comparing parameters. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Among 60 patients all had fatty liver which emphasizes that fatty liver is the hepatic component of metabolic syndrome. There is a significant correlation between BMI (Body Mass Index) and waist circumference in predicting fatty liver and to some extent its grade. Patients with higher BMI had a greater grade of fatty liver.Conclusions: The fatty liver index is a reliable predictor of fatty liver in people with metabolic syndrome. The grade of fatty liver increases with increase in waist circumference and increased BMI. Ultrasound and Elastography are reliable non invasive methods of detecting fatty liver. BMI and Waist circumference are strong predictive factors for fatty liver.
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Background: The aim of the present study was to study the clinical presentation of undescended testis (UDT) as regards to age, position, side and study the management on UDT.Methods: Total 41 patients, 50 UDT cases were studied prospectively. Patients below the age of 15 years with history of absent testes in the scrotum were included in the study and patients with retractile testes were excluded. Patients were subjected for ultrasonography (USG) scrotum. Palpable UDT and those were located on USG were subjected for open or laparoscopic assisted orchiopexy or 2 stage Stephen-Flower orchidopexy or orchidectomy.Results: 41.4% patients were between age group of 1 to 5 yrs. 43.9% patients were having right sided UDT. 76% testes were palpable only. 21.9% were having bilateral UDT. 48% testes were present in inguinal canal. In 80% patient’s orchiopexy was done. One patient (2.4%) had postoperative wound infection.Conclusions: In our study the maximum number of cases were recorded between 1 to 5 years of age. Right sided UDT were common presentation. Maximum UDT were palpable. We also concluded that USG remains the specific non-invasive modality of diagnosis and localization. Almost half of them were present in the inguinal canal. Orchidopexy is the most common technique for placement of UDT in the scrotum. There were low complications and high success rate in treating UDT. We concluded that there is need of coordinated campaign between surgeons, pediatricians, general practitioners and community workers for timely intervention of UDT and advice for early approach for treatment.
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Background: Ultrasonography(USG) is an easily available and non-invasive method for screening the general paediatric population for prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in the Paediatric Out Patient Department on 100 randomly selected children of school going age group (5-15 years). A detailed history regarding diet and lifestyle, anthropometric measurements of the children like height, weight , BMI and waist ' hip ratio and blood pressure was correlated with USG of general paediatric population.Results: There were 4 cases of NAFLD of which one case was of normal weight. The study shows that the mean weight of normal population was 33.36 kgs. while the mean weight of children with fatty liver was 56.38 kgs. The mean value of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in normal population is 98.46 mmHg and 57.48 mmHg respectively while in that of children with NAFLD, it was 119.00 mmHg and 78.50 mmHg respectively. Among the dietary factors, increased intake of non-veg food, fast food, soft drinks and decreased intake of eggs and fish food is seen in children with NAFLD. Children with decreased physical activity also showed to have increased NAFLD.Conclusions: As NAFLD is seen even in children with normal weight, all children of general pediatric population can be screened for NAFLD by an easily available and non-invasive method like USG for an early intervention to prevent morbidity associated with NAFLD.
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Background: In recent years due to the changing sedentary life style, irregular periods and infertility has become a major concern. There are many causes for infertility out of which ovulatory disorders contribute to a great extend. The main objective of the study was to assess the clinical and hormonal profile of patients diagnosed with polycystic ovarian disease at tertiary care hospital in Tamil Nadu.Methods: This study was a cross sectional study and was carried out at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at a tertiary care hospital of Tamil Nadu. The study was done for a period of 6 months. For confirming polycystic ovaries, patients were interviewed thoroughly about their menstrual and fertility history. Blood investigations like LH, FSH were done on D2/D3 of menstrual cycle. 125 patients with PCOS were included in this study. The data was analysed with SPSS-IBM (V.22.0) software.Results: The patients having polycystic ovaries were higher in women of 21-30 years of age. BMI was more than 25. Infertility was found that 57%, hirsutism 45%, oligomenorrhoea 21% and amenorrhea 20%. On day 2, mean serum LH was 5.9±3.6 and serum FSH was 3.9±2.3. This study showed that the proportion of menstrual complaints is reported more in higher age group. Likewise lower income group presented with menstrual complaints. This was found to be statistically significant (P value <0.05).Conclusions: The study showed that patients diagnosed to have PCOS overweight. PCO in obese women had more severe ovulatory dysfunction. Infertility was the most common complaint.
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Background: Ultrasound (USG) guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple and cost-effective method for the diagnosis of various peripheral lung lesions. Being radiation free and easily available in most of centres, it has become an important diagnostic modality for early diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions. Besides procedure is simple and complications if occur, can be managed by a pulmonologist effectively. This study was aimed to evaluate the role of Transthoracic ultrasound guided FNAC in diagnosis of peripheral lung lesion.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at Government Chest Diseases Hospital Srinagar over a period of one year from January 2018-December 2018. 61 patients who fulfilled inclusion criteria were included in this study. After properly explaining the procedure and taking informed consent, USG guided FNAC was done in patients with peripheral lung lesions under local anaesthesia. Radiological and cytological data of enrolled patients was collected prospectively and analysed.Result: About 61 patients were included in this study comprising of 39 males and 22 females in age range of 17- 90 years. Malignancy was the most common cytological diagnosis (78.57%). while as benign diagnosis was reached in 21.43%. In 8.19% of patients, FNAC was inconclusive. Among the malignant group, adenocarcinoma (47.72%) was most common cytological diagnosis. The overall diagnostic yield of USG guided FNAC in this study was 91.8%.Conclusion: USG guided FNAC of peripheral lung lesions is a simple procedure with high accuracy and less complication rate which can be performed by a pulmonologist for diagnosis.
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Detecting and characterization of hepatobiliary masses is one of the most confusing and controversial challenges in imaging today. Aims and objectives: To evaluate the role of Ultrasound and Computed Tomography in hepatobiliary masses and know the exact site of origin of lesion and its extension into surrounding structures. Methods: In this study, 100 cases of hepatobiliary masses were subjected to with USG and CECT abdomen. Imaging findings were evaluated and tabulated and correlated with the histopathological findings, surgical findings and follow up. The findings were checked and statistically tabulated. Results: Out of a total 100 patients included for study, most patients were in age range of 51 – 60 years. Males : Females ratio was 55 : 45. Out of 100 cases 73% were hepatic masses, 18% gall bladder masses and 8% common bile duct masses. 51 being true benign and 49 lesions being true malignant. Sensitivity (%) and Specificity (%) of diagnosing these lesions on USG was 84.5% and on 86.6% respectively. Sensitivity (%) and Specificity (%) of diagnosing these lesions on CT was 92.2% and on 94.8% respectively. Conclusion: Hepatobiliary masses remain a diagnostic challenge. These lesions are frequently caused by benign, malignant and metastatic etiologies. We conclude that USG plays an important role as an initial screening modality and as an adjunct to CECT and Triphasic CT in the evaluation of hepatobiliary masses.
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Background: Pre-operative knowledge regarding the nature of ovarian mass is necessary in order to plan surgery. Risk malignancy index (RMI) is a simple scoring system based on three factors serum CA 125, USG score and menopausal status. The RMI was interpreted as 1) score >250=high risk, 2) 25-250=intermediate risk, 3) score <25=low risk. The objective of the study was to evaluate risk malignancy index (RMI) in pre-operatively clinically diagnosed ovarian mass and to compare the validity of individual parameter in RMI i.e. menopausal status, serum CA 125 and USG score to differentiate the nature of clinically diagnosed ovarian masses as benign or malignant.Methods: This was an observational study conducted in the Department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Trichy SRM Medical College and Research Centre, Trichy from January 2017 to January 2018 with a sample size of 77 cases with clinical diagnosis of ovarian mass admitted for surgery. The validity of RMI and validity of individual parameters were calculated and compared.Results: A total of 77 patients with ovarian tumors were enrolled in this study. According to the histological examination of the surgical specimens of the 77 women, 27.3% (n=21) had malignant tumors and 67.7% (n=56) had benign disease. Most common benign tumour was serous cystadenoma and the most common malignant tumour was mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. Among 77 patients, 42.85% (n=33) were postmenopausal, 44.15% (n=34) had USG score of 4, 27.27% (n=21) had serum CA125 level >cut-off values and 27.27% (n=21) had RMI >250. In cases where RMI>250, 18 out of 21 were malignant. In cases where USG score was 4, 19 out of 34 were malignant. Of the cases where serum CA125 level was > cut-off values 16 out of 21 were found to be malignant. RMI showed better sensitivity of 85.71%, specificity of 94.64%, PPV of 85.71%, NPV of 94.64% and diagnostic accuracy of 92.20%.Conclusions: RMI is highly valuable and reliable in differentiating benign and malignant ovarian lesions and facilitates selection of cases for conservative management and oncology referral.
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Background: The aim is to study various investigative modalities to diagnose Mullerian anomalies and to evaluate the reproductive outcome that occurs as a result of malformation of genital tract.Methods: A prospective study of reproductive anomalies and its outcome was performed by using data from women with congenital anomalies attended in OPD either with complains or for operative treatment or incidental diagnosis during caesarean section, manual removal of placenta, during laparoscopy or laparotomy at tertiary care center. Total 70 women with different types of congenital anomalies were included in study. Out of them gynecological cases (27) were diagnosed on basis of clinical examination and other diagnostic aids while Mullerian anomalies in obstetric cases (43) were observed and their outcomes were studied.Results: Most common utero-vaginal anomaly seen in present study was septate uterus with 18 (25.7%) cases, followed by bicornuate uterus with 13 (18.6%) cases. Most common presenting symptom is primary amenorrhea 21 (30%) followed by cyclical abdominal pain 11 (15.7). HSG, USG are the primary tools to detect genital tract anomalies. Surgical correction was required in 47.1% patients.Conclusions: Present study shows prevalence of congenital malformation of female reproductive tract is 0.17% at our tertiary care center. Utero-vaginal anomalies are a morphologically diverse group of developmental disorders. Establishing an accurate diagnosis is essential for planning treatment and management strategies. The surgical approach for correction of utero-vaginal anomalies is specific to the type of malformation and may vary in a specific group.
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Background: Ultrasound examination during pregnancy has become an integral part of antenatal care throughout the world. This technology is an important tool for the obstetricians, to reassure their patients regarding the well-being of their fetus in utero. The objective of this study was to assess the awareness of USG among pregnant women.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among pregnant women attending the ANC clinic of Obstetric department of MLB Medical College Hospital, Jhansi, UP from March to May 2018. The study included 300 pregnant women and data was collected by using pre tested questionnaire.Results: The study reveals that 51.3% of participants were in the age group of 20-25 yr and 50% of them belong to upper lower class, most of them unskilled (83.4%), 63.3% of participants depicted that USG is done only to confirm the pregnancy and 81% of women considered that it is beneficial during pregnancy and 65% was known that USG can be used to determine sex of the foetus.Conclusions: Awareness regarding the uses of ultrasonography during pregnancy was found to be average. There is need to create more awareness in community about the USG uses and PCPNDT act and its provisions. There is need of creating more awareness about the safety, utility and frequency of USG during antenatal period to avoid misuse.
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Background: To determine the effective volume of a combination of bupivacaine and lignocaine for supraclavicular achial plexus block using ultrasonography (USG). Methods: This study is an intervention study to determine the minimum effective volume of a drug combination. The principle statistical method applied in this study is Staircase Up-down method as described by Dixon and Massey.([i]) Results: By using the log transformation of the data of required volume and outcome as successful or unsuccessful we have calculated EV 50 = 11ml and EV 90 = 14ml. Conclusion: Minimum Effective Volume in 90% individuals (MEV 90) for a combination of 0.25% bupivacaine and 1% lignocaine for ultrasound guided achial plexus block via supraclavicular approach is 14ml.
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Introduction: 慚utraghata� can be equated with group of obstructive uropathic disorders. As explained in Sushrutha Samhitha, it is of 12 types and 慥atasthila� is one among them, which is closely similar to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. BPH is a progressive disease of advancing age. Histologically the inner zone of the periurethral gland undergoes hypertrophy and an adenoma is formed. Usually men around 60 years, suffer from mild, moderate and severe grade of BPH. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of Gokshura kwatha in the management of Mutragatha/ B.P.H. and to improve quality of life of BPH sufferer. Method: It is a single blind, clinical study on diagnosed cases of B.P.H, Gokshura kwatha was given for 60 days (20ml BD) with Sita and honey with follow-up of 4 months. Changes in subjective criteria (by IPSS Index) and objective criteria (by USG) were recorded before and after treatment. Result: Gokshurakwatha shown more significant relief on associated symptoms of Mutraghata including, burning sensation, painful micturition, pus and blood discharge etc. Interpretation: On the basis of the beneficial effects of Gokshura kwatha churna, it can be opined that it gives good result symptomatically. Conclusion: The subjective features were relieved significantly. But observed, no much difference in the objective criteria. The effect of Gokshurakwatha on the straining significantly reduced, prostate size has not reduced significantly. As for follow up period, relief of symptoms observed to be sustained up to one month in majority of patients.
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Background: We have been knowing from our past that appendix is a vestigial organ, useless to man, with no known important function, but sometimes it can cause problems, when it may become the seat of infection. The diagnosis of appendicitis is not very easy, requiring the skills of the most experienced clinician. The objective of this study was to find out and compare accuracy of USG findings with that of per-operative findings of location & status of appendix. Methods: The present prospective study was carried out in surgery department at Chandulal Chandrakar Memorial Medical College, Kurud Rd, Kachandur, durg, Chhattisgarh. A total of 75 cases were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria and subjected to ultrasound examination by a qualified radiologist to exclude any other associated pathology and also to confirm the diagnosis. Results: Out of 30 cases, a total of 14 cases presented with clinical features suggestive of retrocaecal appendicitis, out of which 11 had typical presentation & 3 had atypical presentation with overall sensitivity of 73.25%, followed by pelvic position which had a sensitivity of 16.29% in which 3 patients had typical presentation & 2 had atypical presentation. Conclusions: A total of five modalities that were used for the diagnosis of position of appendix & appendicitis, i.e. clinical features, lab Ix, ultrasound, intraoperative findings & histopathology, only 47% of cases all the modalities were positive.